A semen analysis is usually the first test for the male partner when a couple is trying to conceive. The report arrives as a page of numbers, percentages and unfamiliar words, and it is easy to panic over one value marked "low".
This guide explains how to read a semen analysis report: what each line means, the WHO 2021 reference values, how to prepare for the test so the result is reliable, and what usually happens next if a value is below the reference limit. Male factors are a common part of fertility evaluation, so testing early is a practical step for couples in Visakhapatnam and anywhere else.
Quick answer: A semen analysis report checks the volume of semen and the number, movement (motility), shape (morphology) and vitality of sperm. Under the WHO 2021 manual, the lower reference limits include a concentration of 16 million sperm per mL, 42% total motility and 4% normal forms. A single result outside these limits does not prove infertility; the test is usually repeated and read together with a clinical check.
Most reports follow the structure of the WHO laboratory manual. They start with how the sample was collected, then the appearance of the semen (macroscopic findings), and then what was seen under the microscope.
Before reading the numbers, check three details at the top of the report: the number of days of abstinence, whether the whole sample was collected, and how long after collection the analysis started. If any of these is outside the recommended range, the result may not be accurate and a repeat test may be advised.
The WHO 6th edition (2021) gives "lower reference limits". These were taken from men whose partners became pregnant within one year of trying naturally. About 95% of these men had values above these limits.
| Parameter | WHO 2021 lower reference limit | What it describes |
|---|---|---|
| Semen volume | 1.4 mL | Amount of fluid in the sample |
| Sperm concentration | 16 million/mL | Number of sperm in each mL |
| Total sperm number | 39 million per ejaculate | Concentration multiplied by volume |
| Total motility | 42% | Sperm that move in any way |
| Progressive motility | 30% | Sperm that move forward |
| Vitality | 54% | Sperm that are alive |
| Normal forms | 4% | Sperm with a normal shape |
| pH | 7.2 or more | Acidity of the semen |
An important point from the WHO manual and the published reviews: these are reference limits, not a line between "fertile" and "infertile". Many men with values below some limits father children naturally, and some men with values above them still have fertility problems. Results must be interpreted together with the couple's history and examination.
The WHO 6th edition dropped labels such as normozoospermia, oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia and teratozoospermia from the manual, encouraging labs to report the actual values instead. Many labs still use them, so here is what they mean:
Do not read one number in isolation
Preparation makes a real difference to accuracy. According to the WHO 2021 manual, as summarised in the published review:
At Padmasri Hospitals & IVF Centre in Akkayyapalem, semen analysis and semen wash are listed as services at padmasrihospitalsandivfcentre.com/semen_analysis_and_wash.php. The team will explain the collection arrangements when you contact the centre.
The NHS advises that if the first semen analysis finds a possible problem, another test is usually done around 3 months later. If the second test also finds a problem, the man is referred to a specialist for further tests, which may include:
Depending on the findings, extended tests described in the WHO manual - such as tests for anti-sperm antibodies or sperm DNA fragmentation - may be considered in selected cases. These are not routine for every couple.
The male infertility workup at our centre, including semen analysis, hormonal profile and surgical sperm retrieval (TESA/PESA) where needed, is listed at padmasrihospitalsandivfcentre.com/fertility-services/. Our live article on the causes and treatment of male infertility gives more detail: padmasrihospitalsandivfcentre.com/male-infertility-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-options.php.
The NHS suggests these steps for men with a low sperm count:
For a fuller list, see our article on lifestyle changes to improve sperm quality before IVF: padmasrihospitalsandivfcentre.com/lifestyle-changes-to-improve-sperm-quality-before-ivf.php.
The NHS notes that it may still be possible to conceive naturally with a low sperm count, and recommends regular sex every 2 to 3 days. If a couple has not conceived after a year of trying (or 6 months if the female partner is 36 or older), treatment options may include:
The right choice depends on both partners' test results, the woman's age and how long the couple has been trying, and is decided with the doctor.
Key takeaways
For a consultation, call +91 80083 36677 or use our contact page. Padmasri Hospitals & IVF Centre, 49-48-16/5, NH16, NGGOS Colony, Akkayyapalem, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530016.
Under the WHO 2021 manual, the lower reference limit for sperm concentration is 16 million per mL, and for total sperm number it is 39 million per ejaculate. Values below these do not automatically mean infertility.
The WHO 2021 lower reference limits are 42% for total motility and 30% for progressive (forward) motility.
Yes. Under the strict criteria used by the WHO, 4% normal forms is the lower reference limit, so 4% or more is within the reference range.
The WHO recommends 2 to 7 days without ejaculation before giving the sample.
If a result is abnormal, a repeat test is usually advised. The NHS says the second test is usually done around 3 months after the first.
A semen analysis can show signs that suggest infection, such as raised white blood cells or an unusual pH, but further tests are needed to confirm an infection.
Written by Padmasri Hospitals & IVF Centre Editorial Team · Updated 28 October 2026
This article is for general information and does not replace a consultation with a qualified doctor.